Image courtesy of Nicola Graf

Marco Budinich and Massimo Vascotto introduce a school project to measure radon levels in your own home. The simple word ‘radioactive’ evokes something both mysterious and scary, and few realize that, most of the time, radioactivity is a natural phenomenon we have to live with. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas and is the most frequent cause of lung cancer after smoking, representing the form of radioactivity with highest social impact.

Radon leaks out of rocks and, because it is a gas, mixes with the air we breathe. The higher its concentration, the more radioactivity we are exposed to. Radon concentration is quite erratic: one house may be filled with radon while the neighbouring houses have no detectable radon levels. Since radon comes mainly from rocks, its concentration is correlated with soil composition, water occurrence and, more generally, geology. Knowing how much radon we breathe at home is thus important for our health^w1. The ‘Radon school survey’ (RSS) project^w2, ^w3 involves high-school students measuring radon concentration in their own homes.

Figure 1: Raw CR39 Image courtesy of the University of Trieste

Normally, measuring radon requires equipment well beyond the budget of a school; instead, we used a simple, safe and robust method to produce meaningful results by detecting a-radioactivity from radon. The nucleus of a radon-222 atom decays into polonium-218, emitting a ‘heavy’ α-particle (a helium-4 nucleus). When the α-particle strikes a solid object, it causes local damage, as a bullet would to a wall: it leaves a little hole or nuclear track. Our ‘wall’ was a tiny plastic target; after exposing it to radiation, we could simply count the number of holes left by the α-particles, and from that information, calculate the average radon concentration during the exposure time.

The plastic we used, CR39, (also known as PADC – poly allyl diglycol carbonate), was developed for the construction of aeroplane cockpits in World War II and is now used in unbreakable optical lenses, and also in nuclear physics to detect α-particles and neutrons. Materials For each student, a CR39 radon dosimeter in a plastic screw-top box (see Figure 3). (See the list of suppliers for more information) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Distilled water A water bath (or cheap thermostatic fryer) A microscope with micro camera (see ‘Suppliers’)

Figure 2: CR39 dosimeter Image courtesy of the University of Trieste

Method To quantitatively measure the level of radon, leave the dosimeter for one to six months in the same place. The bedroom is a good choice to reflect our exposure to radon, as it is a place where we spend a lot of time. After that, the detector is ready to be analysed. To make the nuclear tracks left by the α-particles visible with a simple microscope, they must first be widened by chemical etching.

Figure 3: CR39 inside the ‘exposure camera’ Image courtesy of the University of Trieste

Place the dosimeter in a beaker and cover it with a solution of 240 g sodium hydroxide per litre of distilled water. Heat at 80°C for at least 4 h. (If you are using a thermostatic fryer, test the water temperature first.) If you are preparing several dosimeters, use fresh sodium hydroxide solution for each one. Safety note: sodium hydroxide is corrosive, and must be handled with care. Leave the dosimeter to etch for 4 h, then rinse it well. The tracks are now about 10 mm in diameter and can be viewed with a microscope. Place the dosimeter under the microscope, take some pictures, and use them to count the nuclear tracks and to determine their average density (Figure 5).

Figure 4: Microscope with micro camera Image courtesy of the University of Trieste

Radon concentration is calculated using the formula:

Rn is the radon concentration (Bq/m³)

D is the track density (number of tracks/m²)

fc is the calibration factor (the density of tracks corresponding to 1 Bq/m³ per exposure day; this information is provided by the manufacturer)

Δt is the exposure time.

Figure 5: Nuclear tracks 10x (holes marked with arrows)
Image courtesy of the University of Trieste

Sample results

The radon concentration found in our houses can vary by four orders of magnitude over the course of one day, and depends on many factors including weather, air circulation and pressure, and other seasonal changes. What is important for health purposes, however, is the average radon concentration. For that reason, radon measurements are typically taken over long periods.

Since the project began in 2003, some 2000 high-school students in Friuli Venezia-Giulia (north-east Italy) have taken part. Using calibrated CR39 dosimeters, we have performed four long-term surveys, some short-term measurements and a few verifications of sites with high radon levels. The project is still continuing, and schools that carry out measurements are welcome to submit their data to our project.

In the summer of 2005, 89% of the 897 radon measurements made by the students were under 200 Bq/m³, i.e. below the limit that the European Commission recommends for new buildings (The Commission of the European Community, 1990). Only 2% (22 measurements) exceeded the limit of 400 Bq/m³ recommended for pre-1990 buildings. Of those, 0.4% (4 measurements) exceeded 1000 Bq/m³, with the highest measurement being 5699 Bq/m³ (see graph).

Measurements taken in the summer of 2005. n=897, 7 schools. Mean average 130, standard deviation 292, maximum 5699, minimum 0, median 87

In the winter of 2007, the 860 measurements were generally somewhat higher: 70% below 200 Bq/m³ and a further 20% between 200 and 400 Bq/m³. In this survey, 10% (88 measurements) exceeded the limit of 400 Bq/m³. However, the highest measurement made was lower than that of summer 2005: only 3227 Bq/m³ (see graph).

Measurements taken in the winter of 2007. n=860, 10 schools. Mean average 208, standard deviation 275, maximum 3227, minimum 0, median 140

Table 1: Sample results from the RSS project

In those cases where levels of radon above the limit were detected, the measurement was repeated, and if the levels were still too high, we recommended that the students contact the regional environmental protection agency, which could advise on how to keep radon out of the house. An example of a simple radon reduction method is to ventilate rooms. More labour-intensive methods include insulating the house from the ground.

Suppliers

CR39 can be bought from optical lens manufacturers or from suppliers of radon detectors^w4 (see Figures 1 and 2). Optical lens manufacturers sell the plastic material (CR39) cut into any shape (about €1), while the detector suppliers sell a calibrated, ready to use, CR39 radon dosimeter (about €7). One suggestion is to use the cheaper option for a yes/no measurement, reserving the more expensive detectors for places where radon has already been detected.

We use a cheap Konus Academy microscope^w5 (models 5304 & 5829) with a micro camera and the associated imaging software (see Figure 4).

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all students, teachers, school personnel and families involved in the project and our collaboration partners, the local environment protection agency, ARPAF-VG^w6.

We gratefully acknowledge the support of our sponsors^w3, Progetto Lauree Scientifiche, INFN and the Physics Department of the University of Trieste.

References

The Commission of the European Community (1990) Commission Recommendation on the Protection of the Public against Indoor Exposure to Radon (90/143/Euratom). http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/radioprotection/doc/legislation/90143_en.pdf

Web references

w1 – For more information about radon, see the websites of the UK Health Protection Agency (www.hpa.org.uk), the US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov) and the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (www.bag.admin.ch, in English, Italian, French and German).

w2 – Further information about the RSS project and detailed protocols for both the measurements and data collection are available on the following websites.
For a presentation about the project (in Italian), see: www.ts.infn.it/eventi/ComunicareFisica/presentazioni/vascotto.pdf

For presentations about the project (in both English and Italian), see also the Fisica a Trieste website: http://physics.units.it/didattica03/orientamento/laboratori.php

w3 – The RSS project was funded by:
Progetto Lauree Scientifiche, an Italian national project to disseminate scientific culture and raise interest in scientific disciplines and careers; see: www.progettolaureescientifiche.it

INFN, the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics. See: www.infn.it

The Physics Department of the University of Trieste; see: http://physics.units.it

w4 – Suppliers of CR39 include:

Intercast Europe (cheap CR39 without calibration): www.intercast.it

FGM Ambiente (CR39 calibrated dosimeters): www.fgmambiente.it

Radosys (CR39 calibrated dosimeters): www.radosys.com

TASL (CR39 manufacturer): www.tasl.co.uk

w5 – For more information about Konus (including their microscopes and micro cameras), see: www.konus.com

w6 – ARPA-FVG is the regional environmental protection agency of Friuli Venezia Giulia. For more information, see: www.arpafvg.it

w7 – For more information about the caesium project, see the (Italian) project web page (http://physics.units.it/didattica03/orientamento/laboratori.php#cesio) or contact Marco Budinich directly (marco.budinich@ts.infn.it)

w8 – See Marco Budinich’s web page: wwwusers.ts.infn.it/~mbh/MBHgeneral.html

Resources

If you enjoyed this article, you might also like to read other articles on science education projects in Science in School. See: www.scienceinschool.org/projects

Marco Budinich^w8 is a physicist at the University of Trieste, Italy, where he is responsible for the outreach activities of the physics department.

Massimo Vascotto, the project coordinator, has a degree in physics and teaches maritime disciplines (e.g. navigation, meteorology and oceanography) at a nautical high school (for trainee marines) in Trieste. He has collaborated for many years with the physics department at the University of Trieste and with INFN, the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics, where he is an associate physicist in science communication projects.

Review

This project shows how the teaching of radioactivity, which is usually a classroom-based topic, can be extended outside the school. Students test for the presence of radon in their own homes and then perform more thorough analyses in the school laboratory; the fact that they can in effect ‘see’ the radiation makes it less abstract. This will motivate the students to research the effects of radon and other sources of radiation, and to conduct careful analyses and detailed interpretation of the results.

Most of the apparatus and materials indicated by the authors are commonly found in a science laboratory. This encourages teachers to try this project with their own students so that they can actually see the effects of radiation in their own homes. Such a project instils in students an investigative approach towards science.

The article can be used in physics lessons to introduce the topic of radioactivity (types of radiation, background radiation, effects of radiation). It could also be used in chemistry (radioactive elements), geology (soil and rock properties) or advanced mathematics (exponential decay and the Poisson distribution) lessons. Moreover, being a rather sensitive topic, it can be extended to class discussions on how radioactivity can be used to serve humanity, and what can happen when radioactivity reaches alarming levels.

Catherine Cutajar, Malta

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Referee's recommendations: Physics, Chemistry, Earth sciences, Mathematics, Radioactivity, Geology